Computer Science / Artificial Intelligence

Natural intelligence

Brought by: OpenLearn

Overview

One goal of artificial intelligence is to build machines that can operate in the real world, with all its noise and uncertainty. Much of what we want machines to do (see, recognise, navigate, move,...

Syllabus

Introduction
Learning outcomes
1 Preliminary examples
1 Preliminary examples
2 Natural intelligence
2 Natural intelligence
2.1 Purposeful behaviour
2.2 Systematic behaviour
2.3 Structured and functional results
2.4 Some conclusions
2.6 A dreadful warning
2.7 Natural, artificial, living
2.7.1 Natural and artificial things
2.7.2 Living things
3 Natural and artificial intelligence
3 Natural and artificial intelligence
3.1 Intelligence and knowledge
3.2 Nouvelle Al
3.3 A final caution
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Acknowledgements

Computer Science / Artificial Intelligence

Go to course

Natural intelligence

Brought by: OpenLearn

OpenLearn
Free
English
Certificate Available
Available at any time
advanced
N/A

Messages Timeline Exceptions Views14 Route Queries7 Models6 Gate Session Request

8.1.2176ms2MBGET en/courses/{slug}

Booting (104ms)
Application (71.58ms)
1 x Booting (59.02%)
103.71ms
1 x Application (40.73%)
71.58ms

14 templates were rendered

public.courses.show (resources/views/public/courses/show.blade.php)3bladefile
Params
0
course
1
links
2
config
public.courses.partials.breadcrumbs (resources/views/public/courses/partials/breadcrumbs.blade.php)6bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
public.courses.partials.heading (resources/views/public/courses/partials/heading.blade.php)7bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
6
classes
public.courses.partials.details (resources/views/public/courses/partials/details.blade.php)6bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
public.courses.partials.breadcrumbs (resources/views/public/courses/partials/breadcrumbs.blade.php)6bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
public.courses.partials.heading (resources/views/public/courses/partials/heading.blade.php)7bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
6
classes
public.layouts.main (resources/views/public/layouts/main.blade.php)6bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
public.layouts.partials.meta (resources/views/public/layouts/partials/meta.blade.php)6bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
public.layouts.partials.navbar (resources/views/public/layouts/partials/navbar.blade.php)6bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
public.auth.profile.partials.links (resources/views/public/auth/profile/partials/links.blade.php)6bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
public.auth.profile.partials.link (resources/views/public/auth/profile/partials/link.blade.php)8bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
6
route
7
title
public.auth.profile.partials.link (resources/views/public/auth/profile/partials/link.blade.php)8bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
6
route
7
title
public.auth.profile.partials.link (resources/views/public/auth/profile/partials/link.blade.php)8bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config
6
route
7
title
public.layouts.partials.flash-session (resources/views/public/layouts/partials/flash-session.blade.php)6bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
course
4
links
5
config

Params
0	`course`
1	`links`
2	`config`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`
6	`classes`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`
6	`classes`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`
6	`route`
7	`title`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`
6	`route`
7	`title`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`
6	`route`
7	`title`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`course`
4	`links`
5	`config`

uri: GET en/courses/{slug}
middleware: web, localize:en
controller: App\Http\Controllers\CourseController@show
as: en.courses.show
namespace
prefix: /en
where
file: app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:17-35

7 statements were executed3.74ms

select * from `courses` where `slug_en` = 'natural-intelligence' limit 1

2.41ms/app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:20corspedia

Metadata
Bindings	0. natural-intelligence
Backtrace	17. /app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:20 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205

update `courses` set `visitors` = `visitors` + 1, `courses`.`updated_at` = '2025-04-16 10:38:22' where `id` = 648

520μs/app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:21corspedia

Metadata
Bindings	0. 2025-04-16 10:38:22 1. 648
Backtrace	17. /app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:21 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205

select `id`, `name_en`, `name_ar`, `topic_id`, `slug_en`, `slug_ar` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (3)

150μs/app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:23corspedia

Metadata
Backtrace	20. /app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:23 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205

select `id`, `name_en`, `name_ar`, `slug_en`, `slug_ar` from `topics` where `topics`.`id` in (1)

140μs/app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:23corspedia

Metadata
Backtrace	25. /app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:23 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205

select * from `institutions` where `institutions`.`id` in (25) and `institutions`.`deleted_at` is null

180μs/app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:23corspedia

Metadata
Backtrace	20. /app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:23 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205

select * from `providers` where `providers`.`id` in (10) and `providers`.`deleted_at` is null

160μs/app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:23corspedia

Metadata
Backtrace	20. /app/Http/Controllers/CourseController.php:23 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205

select * from `html_files` where `html_files`.`id` = 642 limit 1

180μs/app/Models/Course.php:84corspedia

Metadata
Bindings	0. 642
Backtrace	21. /app/Models/Course.php:84 28. view::public.courses.show:29 30. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:125 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72

App\Models\HtmlFile: 1
App\Models\Provider: 1
App\Models\Institution: 1
App\Models\Topic: 1
App\Models\Subject: 1
App\Models\Course: 1

_token: QYPBPOKbYgZinT53xvChIZ32fi6JbJEiIwz5h11f
locale: en
_previous: array:1 [ "url" => "https://www.corspedia.com/en/courses/natural-intelligence" ]
_flash: array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA: []

path_info

/en/courses/natural-intelligence

status_code

status_text

format

html

content_type

text/html; charset=UTF-8

request_query

[]

request_request

[]

request_headers

  0 of 0   
array:24 [▼
  "cf-ipcountry" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "US"
  ]
  "cf-connecting-ip" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "18.223.149.135"
  ]
  "cdn-loop" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "cloudflare; loops=1"
  ]
  "x-forwarded-proto" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "https"
  ]
  "cf-visitor" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "{"scheme":"https"}"
  ]
  "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "none"
  ]
  "accept" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7"
  ]
  "user-agent" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
  ]
  "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "1"
  ]
  "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [▶
    0 => ""Windows""
  ]
  "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "?0"
  ]
  "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [▶
    0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129""
  ]
  "cache-control" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "no-cache"
  ]
  "pragma" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "no-cache"
  ]
  "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "document"
  ]
  "cf-ray" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "93130d7d4cfb0ccc-ORD"
  ]
  "accept-encoding" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "gzip, br"
  ]
  "priority" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "u=0, i"
  ]
  "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "?1"
  ]
  "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "navigate"
  ]
  "x-forwarded-for" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "18.223.149.135"
  ]
  "host" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "www.corspedia.com"
  ]
  "content-length" => array:1 [▶
    0 => ""
  ]
  "content-type" => array:1 [▶
    0 => ""
  ]
]

request_server

  0 of 0   
array:50 [▼
  "USER" => "www-data"
  "HOME" => "/var/www"
  "HTTP_CF_IPCOUNTRY" => "US"
  "HTTP_CF_CONNECTING_IP" => "18.223.149.135"
  "HTTP_CDN_LOOP" => "cloudflare; loops=1"
  "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO" => "https"
  "HTTP_CF_VISITOR" => "{"scheme":"https"}"
  "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_SITE" => "none"
  "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7"
  "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
  "HTTP_UPGRADE_INSECURE_REQUESTS" => "1"
  "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_PLATFORM" => ""Windows""
  "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_MOBILE" => "?0"
  "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA" => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129""
  "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache"
  "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache"
  "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_DEST" => "document"
  "HTTP_CF_RAY" => "93130d7d4cfb0ccc-ORD"
  "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, br"
  "HTTP_PRIORITY" => "u=0, i"
  "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_USER" => "?1"
  "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_MODE" => "navigate"
  "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "18.223.149.135"
  "HTTP_HOST" => "www.corspedia.com"
  "REDIRECT_STATUS" => "200"
  "SERVER_NAME" => "corspedia.com"
  "SERVER_PORT" => "443"
  "SERVER_ADDR" => "141.95.147.152"
  "REMOTE_USER" => ""
  "REMOTE_PORT" => "40268"
  "REMOTE_ADDR" => "172.70.100.11"
  "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "nginx/1.18.0"
  "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1"
  "HTTPS" => "on"
  "REQUEST_SCHEME" => "https"
  "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/2.0"
  "DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/var/www/corspedia/public"
  "DOCUMENT_URI" => "/index.php"
  "REQUEST_URI" => "/en/courses/natural-intelligence"
  "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/index.php"
  "CONTENT_LENGTH" => ""
  "CONTENT_TYPE" => ""
  "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET"
  "QUERY_STRING" => ""
  "SCRIPT_FILENAME" => "/var/www/corspedia/public/index.php"
  "PATH_INFO" => ""
  "FCGI_ROLE" => "RESPONDER"
  "PHP_SELF" => "/index.php"
  "REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT" => 1744799902.5258
  "REQUEST_TIME" => 1744799902
]

request_cookies

[]

response_headers

  0 of 0   
array:5 [▼
  "content-type" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8"
  ]
  "cache-control" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "no-cache, private"
  ]
  "date" => array:1 [▶
    0 => "Wed, 16 Apr 2025 10:38:22 GMT"
  ]
  "set-cookie" => array:2 [▶
    0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjBxbTRoVjFLcHBIaHJVUVdIVGhwN3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOUJlWGFpRmJuUndsSk1HNjJTVlJNb2h3Q09EcWZRRXlNdmdUbkhhN3p3QllVcjZpRDd3MDNUMjdIRTIyU0NoYWMveUhCRHZLMzdTaW1JOTRqQjB1aElESVV1NDdiZ2NtY2wwMUUwN0s4TDh6TnZHM21SOGx0L2o0dVlCR1MyRnYiLCJtYWMiOiJkMjIzMTk3ZmU4YzczYzdmMmYxNGY0NTkwMGQ4NGE5MTE2NzkyOTRmYjVkZmI1ZjZiNmQ2NDQ0NWYwMDJiZmUyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 16 Apr 2025 12:38:22 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; samesite=lax ◀XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjBxbTRoVjFLcHBIaHJVUVdIVGhwN3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOUJlWGFpRmJuUndsSk1HNjJTVlJNb2h3Q09EcWZRRXlNdmdUbkhhN3p3QllVcjZpRDd3MDNUMjdIRTIyU0NoYWMveUhCR ▶"
    1 => "laravel_session=eyJpdiI6Im5GRVN2V01IbFE5SUFxbWZjamM2Q3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUG5FcDlvVkZOQTJyaWFlOUJsQUQ5M2VCWlU5Mk1JZVlsVkJMNk96aVhwK3Y4UW0xbHA5eXlBTGhkay9NdmZOVE5BTW5yTDVXMkZ2d3A0d2U5SmNnSEg2aktqMFRock1CTFJVWHRCUFFRaXpGQVVBRVExUzZsNmp2WEhXTkZKeHUiLCJtYWMiOiIwODNiMzJlNmI4M2JjNmNiMTYyYmUxNWQwNWFiMWYxMmFkMjFmZDQzZjZlMjJkODJmOThiNzZmZDJiMDhkYzJhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 16 Apr 2025 12:38:22 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; httponly; samesite=lax ◀laravel_session=eyJpdiI6Im5GRVN2V01IbFE5SUFxbWZjamM2Q3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUG5FcDlvVkZOQTJyaWFlOUJsQUQ5M2VCWlU5Mk1JZVlsVkJMNk96aVhwK3Y4UW0xbHA5eXlBTGhkay9NdmZOVE5B ▶"
  ]
  "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [▶
    0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjBxbTRoVjFLcHBIaHJVUVdIVGhwN3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOUJlWGFpRmJuUndsSk1HNjJTVlJNb2h3Q09EcWZRRXlNdmdUbkhhN3p3QllVcjZpRDd3MDNUMjdIRTIyU0NoYWMveUhCRHZLMzdTaW1JOTRqQjB1aElESVV1NDdiZ2NtY2wwMUUwN0s4TDh6TnZHM21SOGx0L2o0dVlCR1MyRnYiLCJtYWMiOiJkMjIzMTk3ZmU4YzczYzdmMmYxNGY0NTkwMGQ4NGE5MTE2NzkyOTRmYjVkZmI1ZjZiNmQ2NDQ0NWYwMDJiZmUyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 16-Apr-2025 12:38:22 GMT; path=/ ◀XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjBxbTRoVjFLcHBIaHJVUVdIVGhwN3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOUJlWGFpRmJuUndsSk1HNjJTVlJNb2h3Q09EcWZRRXlNdmdUbkhhN3p3QllVcjZpRDd3MDNUMjdIRTIyU0NoYWMveUhCR ▶"
    1 => "laravel_session=eyJpdiI6Im5GRVN2V01IbFE5SUFxbWZjamM2Q3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUG5FcDlvVkZOQTJyaWFlOUJsQUQ5M2VCWlU5Mk1JZVlsVkJMNk96aVhwK3Y4UW0xbHA5eXlBTGhkay9NdmZOVE5BTW5yTDVXMkZ2d3A0d2U5SmNnSEg2aktqMFRock1CTFJVWHRCUFFRaXpGQVVBRVExUzZsNmp2WEhXTkZKeHUiLCJtYWMiOiIwODNiMzJlNmI4M2JjNmNiMTYyYmUxNWQwNWFiMWYxMmFkMjFmZDQzZjZlMjJkODJmOThiNzZmZDJiMDhkYzJhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 16-Apr-2025 12:38:22 GMT; path=/; httponly ◀laravel_session=eyJpdiI6Im5GRVN2V01IbFE5SUFxbWZjamM2Q3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUG5FcDlvVkZOQTJyaWFlOUJsQUQ5M2VCWlU5Mk1JZVlsVkJMNk96aVhwK3Y4UW0xbHA5eXlBTGhkay9NdmZOVE5B ▶"
  ]
]

session_attributes

  0 of 0   
array:5 [▼
  "_token" => "QYPBPOKbYgZinT53xvChIZ32fi6JbJEiIwz5h11f"
  "locale" => "en"
  "_previous" => array:1 [▶
    "url" => "https://www.corspedia.com/en/courses/natural-intelligence"
  ]
  "_flash" => array:2 [▶
    "old" => []
    "new" => []
  ]
  "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => []
]

1 x Booting (59.02%)	103.71ms
1 x Application (40.73%)	71.58ms